1/1/2024 0 Comments Central coherence autismMeasuring a visual illusion, even if it sounds counterintuitive, can be done in a very accurate way in both human and non-human species (e.g., Macknik and Livingstone, 1998 Conway et al., 2005 Gori et al., 2006, 2008a, 2010a, b, 2014 Fantoni and Pinna, 2008 Giora and Gori, 2010 Gori and Spillmann, 2010 Spillmann et al., 2010 Hamburger, 2012 Ito, 2012 Otero-Millan et al., 2012 Shi et al., 2013 Agrillo et al., 2015). However, illusion classification did not reach a general consensus yet (see Hamburger, 2016, for a recent review). There are numerous types of visual illusions, and they can roughly categorized by their perceptual appearance, including brightness (e.g., Pinna et al., 2003 Gori and Stubbs, 2006 Todorović, 2006 Anstis et al., 2007 Spillmann et al., 2010 Galmonte et al., 2015), color (e.g., Varin, 1971 Pinna et al., 2001), size (e.g., Sperandio et al., 2010, 2012, 2013 Sperandio and Chouinard, 2015), etc. Thus, visual illusions provide a powerful, non-invasive means by which to investigate our brain mechanisms. As nicely described by Spillmann (2009), visual illusions show “the brain’s signature superimposed upon the stimulus”. Consequently, it is quite difficult to provide a rigorous definition of “visual illusion”, since our visual experiences are, in effect, always an illusion ( Eagleman, 2001 Rogers, 2014). For example, such constraints allow us to perceive the constant illusion of a stable perceptual world, despite our receptors continuously signaling motion due to eye, head, and body movements. Visual illusions reflect the constraints developed by our visual system, through evolution, to support the efficient formation of visual representations that are also sufficient in describing our external environment (see Eagleman, 2001, for a review). On the contrary, the observer’s percept is usually phenomenally indistinguishable from real motion (see Kitaoka and Ashida, 2007 Gori and Stubbs, 2014, for a review on motion illusions). Illusory motion should not be confused with the perception of dynamism evoked by paintings ( Gori et al., 2008b), or by the speed lines often used in comic books ( Burr, 2000). Illusory perception is often experienced as a real percept. Visual Illusion as a Tool to Investigate Brain ProcessingĪ visual illusion refers to a percept that is different from what would be typically predicted based on the physical stimulus. Future studies could develop new tools – based on visual illusions – to identify an early risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Our aim is to review the literature supporting a possible role for visual illusions in helping us understand the visual deficits in developmental dyslexia and autism spectrum disorder. Surprisingly, just a few studies investigated illusory perception in clinical populations. There are some neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by visual deficits. Illusions are a powerful non-invasive tool for understanding the neurobiology of vision, telling us, indirectly, how the brain processes visual stimuli. 3Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, ItalyĪ visual illusion refers to a percept that is different in some aspect from the physical stimulus.2Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy.1Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.Simone Gori 1,2*, Massimo Molteni 2 and Andrea Facoetti 2,3
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